This article was written and published in 2003. Today, the ERA remains unratified while the overwhelming majority of Americans think it is law. This raises several issues we will be addressing here at the Women's Institute in the coming weeks.
The first is confusion over the biological differences between men and women and why gender and these differences should be ignored by government.
The second issue is the successful campaign to persuade Americans the ERA had been ratified, which was an expensive, and successful dis-information campaign.
The third issue is the reframing of law and the appropriate functions of government.
The fourth issue is how we deliver real opportunity for all of us and put the issue gender to bed (so to speak) as we get on with realizing our full potential as individuals.
Wording of the Equal Rights Amendment
Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of sex.
You are a woman; you are living at the dawn of the third millennium and you
think you are equal under the law. You are wrong, wrong because although the
American people from both genders, every age group and part of the country have
overwhelmingly believe in equal rights for male and female citizens, still, the
Constitution, the highest law in the land, contains no wording that extends
fully equal citizens' rights to women.
The newly passed ERA was sent to the states from Congress in 1972 and everyone
believed that it would be ratified by the required 38 states quickly but
instead it became a political football linked to issues that have nothing to do
with simple equality. Women like Phyllis Schlafly have made careers of opposing
an equality that is essential to women – and to our culture as a whole.
What happened instead was a series of laws that assert 'fairness', many passed on the state level. On
these women hang their trust that their rights are protected – but each of
these laws can be overturned through the actions of the Supreme Court; Without
the clear and specific backing of the federal Constitution, even
the best laws improving women's rights and opportunities can (and
often are) weakened, poorly (or never) enforced, or even overturned.
Now that you understand this, consider the future make up of the Supreme Court.
Do you feel safe?
This is how it is, but it is not the whole story. There is hope.
In 2000 a retired research
psychologist in Central New Jersey, was asked to speak to a group of Girl
Scouts on equality for women. Jennifer Macleod, the speaker, was still active
in the local chapter of NOW she cofounded in 1969. She spoke to the troop
and, enthused and ready for more, the girls asked for a project they could
undertake related to the ERA. Jennifer, an expert in survey research, made up a
short questionnaire and showed the girls how polling must be done to accurately
reflect the opinions of those polled.
There were three questions. Jennifer expected the Girl Scouts, polling their
classmates, teachers, and parents, to find a range of opinions on equality for
women. Instead, they found close to unanimous support for the concept.
Buoyed by the potential
importance of such findings, Jennifer and a group of associates raised the
money to have a national survey professionally conducted in July 2001,
among American adults all across the country. The findings? 96% answered
"yes" to the question, "In your opinion, should male and female
citizens of the United States have equal rights?"; 88% answered
"yes" to the question, "In your opinion, should the Constitution
make it clear that male and female citizens are supposed to have equal
rights?"; and, demonstrating a public lack
of knowledge, 72% mistakenly answered "yes" to the
question, "As far as you know, does the Constitution of the United States
make it clear that male and female citizens are supposed to have equal
rights?" The results were similar for both men and women, and in all
age groups, educational levels, regions of the country, racial categories, and
household composition.
That was the beginning of the ERA
Campaign Network and their campaigning for the Equal Rights Amendment on the
basis of what is called the Three State Strategy.
Three State Strategy
The Constitution, in setting forth how
amendments can be made, said NOTHING about any time limits -- although, as was
the case for several amendments, a time limit can if desired be included in the
body of a proposed amendment. The 1972 Congress, in passing the ERA --
which, fully intentionally, contains no mention of any time limit --
chose to attach a 7-year ratification time limit separate from the
amendment itself. Then, when the 1979 Congress extended the time limit by
3 years, that set the precedent such that any Congress can
legitimately vote to change such a time limit.
How could equality ever fail to be relevant? In an era when
women are serving in the military in roles that expose them to combat the
arguments that they are frail and must be protected fail to persuade
Americans.
So the ERA Campaign Network went to work to help obtain ratification in at
least three more not-yet-ratified states.
Vigorous ratification drives are well underway
in Illinois (which came very close to ratification in 2004), Florida and
Missouri, with many of the other not-yet-ratified states, including Arkansas,
Arizona, Georgia, Louisiana, and Oklahoma, building support for their own
ratification
drives.
Additionally, awareness is growing of the need to affirm equality for women in
the face of the interests who prefer women in the status of second class citizens. Protection not internal to the Constitution is
meaningless and temporary, open to the whims of legislatures and the courts.
It needs to happen and, startled that it has not, Americans are working to see
that it does.
The states that are not yet ratified are:
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah,
and Virginia.
The states that have failed to ratify are nearly all Southern. To help jump
start efforts in these states the ERA Campaign Network has formed caucuses for each unratified state. These are to promote communication and
activism from ERA supporters who are now living in states that have
ratified but came from states that have still to do so.
We may leave our state but we keep our friends, school chums and family. With
help from the Internet former southerners are creating a network to build
understanding and support for the ongoing effort. The threads of connection are
weaving new patterns for women across the nation, connections that will ensure
that girls growing up now will have their rights secured to them as
individuals.